Introduction to French tourism
General situation of France
France's full name is the French Republic, and now it is the Fifth Republic of France. It is a highly developed capitalist country in Western Europe, the largest country in Western Europe, and now it is the Fifth Republic of France, bordering Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra and Spain, and facing Britain across the English Channel.
From the 18th century to the early 20th century, France was the second largest country in the world after the British Empire, and it was also one of the major victors in the two world wars. Although it was once occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II, its national strength was seriously damaged after the war, France was still an important power, so it became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council along with Britain, the United States, Russia and China, and had the veto power over the resolutions of the Security Council. France is a member of the European Union and NATO, the Group of Eight and the Schengen Convention. France is a country that advocates freedom and makes public its personality. It is a country famous for its fashion and red wine. It is also a country with elegant women and romantic feelings. Paris, the capital, is a fashionable romantic city in the world.
The total population of France is 65.8 million (January 2013), including 63.7 million in France. In 2012, the population growth rate of France was 0.47%. Common French. Among the residents, 64% believe in Catholicism, 3% believe in Islam, 3% believe in Protestantism, 1% believe in Judaism, and 28% claim to have no religious belief. The legal tender of France is the euro. National Day: July 14th.
Stroll along the elegant Champs Elysé es, cross the magnificent Arc de Triomphe, hold hands at the Eiffel Tower to overlook the night view of Paris, immerse yourself in the rich artistic atmosphere of the Louvre, appreciate the gorgeous Rococo-style architecture of Versailles, appreciate the colorful stained glass windows of the church, shuttle through the gardens and castles in the Loire Valley, weave the dream of champagne and wine in Reims, touch the fragrance of Chanel No.5, and look for the literary style on the left bank of the Seine. Do you dare to say which kind of sentiment in France doesn't fascinate you? Chivalry is a kind of belief. Standing on the lonely peak, let the wind control the worn clothes, pat the armor full of dirt, raise your proud face, smile and stare at the distance. Fame, etiquette, humility, loyalty, perseverance and piety ... It is this spirit of grace that makes the luxurious romance in France less vulgar.
France is the romantic center of Europe, and its long history, rich cultural connotations and rural scenery attract tourists from all over the world. France receives an average of more than 70 million foreign tourists every year, making it the world's largest tourist country. More than the population of the country. In 2010, France was rated as the most livable country in the world for five consecutive years. Paris, the capital, the scenic spots along the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and the Alps are all world-famous tourist attractions. In addition, there are some famous historical cities, castles along the Loire River, fishing villages in Brittany and Normandy, and Corsica. Some famous museums in France collect the precious heritage of world culture.
Famous tourist attractions in FranceThe Arc de Triomphe in Paris, Eiffel Tower, Louvre, Notre Dame de Paris, Bastille Ruins, Pantheon, Place de la Concorde, Champs Elysé es, Palace of Versailles, Fontainebleau, Paris, the beautiful and charming blue coast, ski resorts in the Alps, etc., are all fascinating tourist attractions.
France has 31 world heritage sites: French-Belgian Bell Tower, Amiens Cathedral, Lance Cathedral, Saint Remy Monastery and Saint Antoine's Cross Palace, le havre City, River Seine, Palace of Versailles and its gardens, provins City, Fontainebleau Palace, Mount Saint Michel and its bay, chartres Cathedral, etc.
French cuisine recommendationFrance has an extremely rich food heritage, too numerous to mention. In addition, French chefs, who have the reputation of cooking masters, create countless unique foods year after year. However, the unique food that enjoys a good reputation overseas can also represent the delicious food in France. These delicacies are spread all over France and can be tasted everywhere in this hexagonal country. The price has long been accepted by the public and is well-known outside France. Since other countries also have coastal areas and can enjoy seafood, there is nothing special about the seafood mentioned here. It's just that different regions play their respective advantages to cook seafood.
In France, especially in La Charente-Maritime, you can taste the l'éclade. Fresh mussels are placed on a wooden pallet with four nails in the center, and the mussels are arranged in concentric circles around the nails, which gradually spread outward, one next to the other like domino ancient cards. Then cover the mussels with pine needles. Pine needles are flammable, and the burning pine needles give mussels a unique pine fragrance and a unique smoky taste. When it burns out, remove the pine needle ash covered on the surface of the roasted mussel and put some butter to enjoy. The Atlantic coast area specializes in oyster farming. This mollusk is very popular with the French and is enjoyed with goose (duck) liver sauce at Christmas. Oysters can be eaten raw with a little lemon juice and salty butter, or cooked with meat stuffing.
Of course, you can't come to France without cheese. Even if you stay away from vacuum-packed products in the supermarket, those real cheeses are disgusting because of their strong smell. Most cheeses have this characteristic, which is mainly caused by mildew. Cheese is hand-made, and the raw materials come from the milk of different animals, mostly cow, ewe or goat milk. Often before the meal is over, it is enjoyed with bread or wine. When it comes to bread, France has fancy bread and cakes. Croissants, chocolate breads and baguettes are all unique French food heritages. People enjoy these breads all the time, and they are indispensable for breakfast.
Bakeries represent places where fancy bread is made and sold. The baker mixes the flour used to make fancy bread and other breads at night, then makes bread and sells it in the morning. French people like to enjoy freshly baked bread, which is soft and delicious. But these typical French desserts are also loved by Americans and British people. Enjoying sweets is a French hobby, and all kinds of cakes prove it. The pastry shop makes sweets and desserts. Pastry chefs can make the best cakes and fried desserts, with countless kinds and different tastes. Enjoy dessert before dinner is over. Many clever French people can make some common desserts according to the recipes, and they can still get the expected results.
speciality
Fat goose (duck) liver: or called goose (duck) liver sauce, but never call fat goose (duck) liver meat sauce, it will be regarded as a blasphemy. People will taste goose (duck) liver sauce during festivals, especially Christmas and New Year, but it is expensive. When tasting, spread it on toast, and sometimes put it in a pot for cooking or melt it on the surface of meat.
Truffle: it is a special product in some areas of France, and it is a very precious edible fungus. It is buried under the roots of trees and is often obtained by dogs and pigs. It is a rare fungus. Under extremely harsh natural conditions, it only grows under the roots of oak trees. It is only by dogs and pigs looking for truffles that this rare fungus born in the soil can be discovered by using their developed sense of smell. When the price of truffles remains high, only a small piece can be tasted. It is difficult to taste this truffle unless you go to a prestigious restaurant.
Duck breast: Duck breast is a special dish in France, accompanied by "Italian old vinegar and honey juice", which is very fragrant, and the duck breast is tender and full of flavor.
Caviar: In France, only sturgeon eggs are qualified to make caviar. Good quality caviar is low in salt, so it is not necessary to smear it on bread. It is best to stutter empty, and it is enjoyed by one person when all is silent. Listen carefully to the sound of the caviar bursting in the mouth. The transformation from fish eggs to delicious caviar depends entirely on the processing process, and the skilled skills and knowledge required for this processing can be called art.
Dessert: The romance of French people reflects their attention to dessert to some extent. For thousands of years, the French have long regarded dessert making as an art and a science. Dessert after dessert is not only a variety of sweet taste combinations. The visual charm and the collocation of cooks are often more appreciated. This is the attraction of French desserts.
Brief introduction of traffic situation in Franceaviation
International flights: There are direct flights to Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport in China, with a flight time of about 11-14 hours. Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, Nice and other cities in France all have international airports, making it convenient to travel to any European country. Domestic flights: There are four domestic airlines in France, namely Air France (AF) and AOM Air France (IW), as well as Air Inter Europe(IT) and TAT Airlines (IJ) which specialize in domestic flights. There are also many low-cost airlines flying between domestic cities in France and all parts of Europe. Not only do low-cost airlines often have low discounts beyond imagination, but big airlines also offer special fares from time to time, especially for travelers, couples and families aged 12-24. Booking as early as possible is most likely to get a low price.
railway
Society National Deschemins de Ferfrancais (SNCF for short), the main railway lines in France are all operated by SNCF. The French railway system can not only travel to most parts of China, but also connect with the railway systems of Spain, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Britain and other countries. It is very convenient to travel to and from European countries by international trains. TGV high-speed train is one of the fastest trains in the world, connecting most major cities in France with Paris as the center. There are three routes: one is the southeast route, which leads to Bordeaux; One is the Atlantic line connecting Burgundy, the Rhone Valley, the Alps, Provence and the Cote d 'Azur. Finally, the northern and European lines, which not only connect the major cities in northern France such as Yael, but also connect the railway systems of Switzerland, Belgium and other countries, and lead to London, England through the European Cross-Harbour Tunnel.
France Rail Pass: It is specially used by foreign travelers, and they can take the trains in France on any number of days in a month. Using the pass is not only cheaper by train, but also has many other benefits. Metro subway systems are installed in six major French cities, including Paris, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse and Rouen. Subway is popular with local residents in France because of its fast and affordable features. The French subway mainly runs through the city center, and some lines extend to the suburbs, and then through the east, west, north and south by bus.
public transportation
Bus is a common mode of transportation in urban areas, and it is also an ideal means of transportation for you to visit the city. There are many bus routes for you to choose from, and the stations are frequent, running through the suburban areas. Buses usually run from 6: 30 a.m. to 8: 30 p.m., and the bus service hours in some big cities are longer.
France travel shoppingThere are many kinds of goods in France, which is a veritable shopping paradise. Its artworks, ashtrays, precious stones, crystal pearls, dresses and casual clothes are all available, and there are a wide range of things. The most famous fashion in France is Paris fashion, and the most famous fashion designers in the world have stores in France. There are also Grasse perfumes, antiques, baccarat crystals, gloves, glass, oil paintings, red wine from Bordeaux, champagne from Conek, Burgundy and porcelain from LIMOGES.
In addition to brand-name fashion and perfume, there are many handicrafts worthy of praise in France. There are many villages in France that still keep the exquisite handcrafted pottery, glass seiko, lace weaving, paper making and so on, which are all good gifts as souvenirs or handwritten letters. Some French items are very famous, such as: Limo porcelain, Brittany lace, Campel porcelain and antiques; Perfume of Paris and "perfume capital" Glass; Paris scarves, artworks, shoes and other leather goods, silverware, sledges; Ji 'an pottery, Sevres porcelain, Chantilly lace, Perigord's handicrafts, painted silk, Bakadan crystal, Behuger's artworks.
Characteristic goods
French perfume, when it comes to French perfume, people naturally think of Paris. In fact, it is not Paris that can really be called the cradle of French perfume, but Grass, a small city in the south of France. The reason why Grass can become the cradle of French perfume mainly depends on its superior natural environment and its traditional handicraft industry. The manufacture of French perfume not only originated here, but also is still the raw material supply place of major perfume factories in Paris.
Wine is a beverage made from fresh grape fruit or juice by full or partial alcohol fermentation. French law divides French wine into four grades: wine from legal producing areas, excellent regional table wine, regional table wine and daily table wine. Among them, wine from legal producing areas accounts for 35% of the total output, table wine from excellent areas accounts for 2%, table wine from regional areas accounts for 15%, and table wine from daily use accounts for 38%. France Margarita Wine Co., Ltd. is a world-famous winemaking winery. Bordeaux Margarita wine is world-renowned. It has the reputation of "Queen of French Wine" and is recognized as the largest wine producing area in the world.
Paris fashion, Paris's clothing is world-famous, and it has become an ideal choice for female friends. Kookai, which is very popular with Paris girls over 15 years old, is a shop that can enjoy the latest fashion feeling in Paris at a cheap price. Hobbs, a sweater specialty shop, has all kinds of sweaters with full colors, and is also equipped with world-famous fashion. A knitwear shop that fully shows the charm of women. The clothing design and tailoring of this shop are simple and bold. A shop that can be called the queen of knitwear, adds animal skin patterns or vinyl materials to sweaters, which makes the goods lively, noble and modern.
Precautions for travel in FranceFrance belongs to both the Mediterranean subtropical zone and the temperate zone of northwest Europe. There are three types of climate: maritime climate, Mediterranean climate and continental climate. It is characterized by no severe cold in winter, no intense heat in summer and moderate rainfall. The average temperature in Leng Yue (January) is 0-10 degrees; The average temperature in the hottest month (July) is 15-25 degrees.
France is 7 hours behind China, and April to June is the best time to travel in France. France is located at the western end of the European continent, and the climate along the Atlantic coast is relatively mild and changeable. Except for mountainous areas and northeast China, winter is quite warm. Northeast China has a continental climate, with hot summer and cold winter; The southern Mediterranean coast has a Mediterranean climate, with little rain in summer, and little and short rainfall in spring and autumn. The unique "Mistral" in the south is a dry cold wind blowing to the French Mediterranean region, and it is said that this cold wind blows for 100 days in a year.
Spring: Spring comes around Easter in April, and you still need to wear sweaters, coats and other clothes. Summer: There is no rainy season, and the air is dry. There are dense clouds in June, and there will be some chill. It is advisable to bring sweaters for emergencies. In July and August, the daytime temperature is about 30 degrees. Autumn: Autumn begins in September, with more rain and lower temperature, about 12, 13 degrees. It is recommended to prepare simple warm clothes. Winter: November enters winter, with short days and long nights, and less sunshine during the day. Warm clothes such as thick coats and sweaters are necessities.
matters need attention
1. Never exchange dollars for euros with local people, which is illegal.
2. A well-educated Frenchman can understand English, but he definitely answers your questions in French. If you don't know French, you'd better choose young people to ask for directions. They prefer to communicate with others in English.
There are many thieves in the stations of various scenic spots in France, especially like stealing foreign tourists.
4. Water and food are not allowed in many museums, and they are not sold in them, such as the Louvre, so please prepare in advance, and don't try to get away with it. There is a security check in the Louvre, which is similar to the security check on the plane.
Travel and entertainment activities in FrancePark green space is an important leisure place in France, where people walk, date, read books, play chess and traditional bowling games, where they can see the most leisurely life of the French. Concerts, plays and other performances, or festivals, exhibitions and other entertainment projects can be seen all over France. Cafes and bars are also an indispensable part of French life, and tourists can feel a strong cultural atmosphere.
Life in France is tense, but it is also full of vitality. There are countless places for people to have fun, such as gardens in the city, numerous museums, art galleries, opera houses on the streets, and nightclubs dressed in beautiful dances-Red Mill and Lido. The famous "Cankang Dance" comes from Moulin Rouge, and its performance is dynamic, amazing, luxurious and passionate. It is a must-see song and dance performance when you come to France for entertainment. The French have too much leisure time. In addition to statutory public holidays, weekends and Sundays, each person can enjoy 35 days of annual leave every year.
The climate in France is changeable. Although it is not cold in winter and not hot in summer, it is mostly rainy in general. Summer is the best season in France, and it is also the time when French people see the most sunshine. Every year in July and August, the whole country in France takes a long holiday. From the prime minister to the president, the common people will choose this time to drive to the seaside, the forest and the mountains for their holidays. At this time, all the Parisians are gone, but Paris is also prosperous and lively, all tourists from other countries, which is just like holding the World Expo.
Characteristic activity
French Historical and Cultural Heritage Day: Historical and Cultural Heritage Day is a national large-scale cultural activity in France. The French government opens cultural monuments, historical buildings and state administrative institutions to the public free of charge on the third weekend of September every year, so as to facilitate the public to further understand the cultural heritage of the French nation and enhance their awareness of national heritage, so as to carry forward national culture and maintain France's long-standing cultural traditions. This activity was first held in 1984. During the Heritage Day, French Presidential Palace, Prime Minister's Office, National Assembly, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State Guesthouse, Paris City Hall and other places that ordinary people can't set foot in are open to the public free of charge. These places are famous buildings left over from ancient times, and their interiors are resplendent and decorated with many the world famous paintings.
Movies, concerts, theatrical performances: or festivals, exhibitions and other entertainment items are listed in detail in the classified guide or local newspapers, especially the weekend edition, which can be bought in general newsstands. There are a large number of theaters in big cities, in which there are many kinds of plays, such as the whole traditional popular comedy, the one-man show in nightclubs and so on. But be sure to book in advance, because people will be very enthusiastic.
Please introduce Hong Kong in French ~
Hong Kong(chinois: Hong Kong, cantonais: hēunggóng ng, littéralement _ port aux parfums _) est la plus grande et la plus peuplée des deux régions administratives spéciales(RAS) de la République populaire de Chine(RPC). Elle compte environ sept millions d'habitants que l'on appelle Hongkongais.
Hong Kong est située sur la rive orientale de la Rivière des Perles, sur la c_te Sud de la Chine et elle est baignée par la mer de Chine méridionale. Elle jouxte la province du Guangdong au nord. Hong Kong est la ville la plus riche de Chine; sonéconomie est une des plus libérales au monde. C'est un p_le financier et commercial d'envergure mondiale.
Colonie britanniqueà partir de 1842, rétrocédéeà la Chine en 1997, Hong Kong demeure fondamentalement différente du reste de la République populaire de Chine. Une loi fondamentale particulière détermine son régime pol itique. Elle obéit au principe _ un pays, deux systèmes _, qui permetà Hong Kong de conserver son système légal, sa monnaie, son système politique, seséquipes sportives internationales et ses lois sur l'immigration. Selon les termes de la déclaration sino-britannique commune, la Chine a promis que Hong Kong garderait une relative autonomie jusqu'à au moins 2047, soit 50 ans après le transfert de la souveraineté.
La ville compte 20 500 résidents britanniques(ilsétaient 25 500 en 1996) . La majorité est composée d'expatriés employés par des multinationales ou des entrepreneurs installés avec leur famille. Depuis la rétrocession, les rues ont gardé leur double nom, en anglais et en cantonais, les voitures roulentà gauche et les clubs de golf font le plein.
Situation
La région administrative de Hong Kong, en grande partie montagneuse, couvre 1 100 km carrés et donne largement sur la mer. Elle est composée d'un archipel de deux cent quarante-trois _les et d'une partie continentale si tuéeà l'extrémité sud-est du delta de la rivière des Perles, une plaine fortement peuplée qui forme le c_ur de la province du Guangdong.
Depuis les années 1980, les relations avec la Chine continentale ont pris une ampleur nouvelle. La région du delta s'est ouverte aux investissementsétrangers, et a connu un spectaculaire développementéconomique. Dans ce processus, Hong Kong a joué un r_le majeur, c'est en effet de là que sont venus la plupart des capitaux. Aujourd'hui, les relations d'interdépendance entre la Chine et Hong Kong sont très fortes. La géographie de la région a en partieété réorganisée en fonction de Hong Kong[1]. Ainsi, la ville de Shenzhen créée faceà la frontière de Hong Kong est devenue la deuxième ville la plus peuplée de Chine du Sud après Canton.
用法语说几个中国几个景点。
Grotte de Yungang：云岗石窟
Temple Suspendu：悬空寺
Résidence de famille Qiao: Qiao Family Courtyard
Petite pagode de l’oie sauvage：小雁塔
Cours Calligraphie：书法课
Temple des 8 Immortels：八仙庵
Place Tian'anmen：天安门广场
Grande muraille：长城
Palais d'Eté：颐和园
Les immortels du pont des pies：鹊仙桥
Parc Olympique：奥林匹克公园
Pavillon du parfum de bouddha：佛香阁
musée de trésors impériaux：珍宝馆
Colline de Charbon：景山
Résidence de famille Qiao: Qiao Family Courtyard
Temple de double forêt: Shuanglin Temple
L'Armée en terre cuite: Terracotta Warriors and Horses
Rempart: city wall
Grande Pagode de l'oie sauvage: Big Wild Goose Pago
Monastère de Shaolin: Shaolin Temple
Jardin du Mandarin Yu: Yu Garden
Temple du Bouddha en Jade: Jade Buddha Temple
Bund: Bund
Ma _ tredes files: Master Park
Palais Potala: Potala Palace
Grand Bouddha de Leshan: Leshan Giant Buddha
Centre de recherche et d 'é levage des panda gé ants: panda base.
Les champs en terrasses: Terraces
It takes 5 minutes to introduce a scenic spot in Guangzhou in French, and the vocabulary is simple, thank you! ! !
Ancestral Temple of the Chen Family
L’académie du clan Chen est une construction ancestraleà fin de la
Dynastie Qing, qui est située dans la rue 7 de Zhongshan en ville de
Canton. C’est une construction géante et typique avec nombreuse
décorations splendides, gr_ceà la conservation, elle est encore en bon
état. Elle est une des huit sites célèbres de Canton, choisie comme une
carte de visite culturelle de Canton par les habitants de Canton.
L’académie du clan Chen est une construction folklorique représentative
avec ses caractéristiques distinctes. Elle est traditionnelle mais elle
a des particularités au sud de la Chine.
Elle couvre une superficie de 15000 m2. La porte et le hall de Juxian
sont sur l’axe. Elle se compose de 19 constructions, ces constructions
sont indépendantes mais aussi ont des liaisons.
L’académie du clan Chen est connue par ses décorations délicates et
magnifiques. Les décorations sont multicolores et variantes. Les
sculptures sont vivides. La construction entière est une trésorerie
folklorique splendide.
Urgent for two French articles describing China.
1.la Chine
La Chine _ le Pays du Milieu _[N 1]) est un pays d'Asie de l'Est dont deux _tats prétendent actuellement détenir la souveraineté: la République populaire de Chine qui contr_le 99, 6% de son territoire et la République de Chine, qui ne contr_le que Ta_wan. Elle s'étend des c_tes de l'océan Pacifique au Pamir et aux Tian Shan et du désert de Gobià l'Himalaya et aux confins de la péninsule indochinoise,
ocouvrant 9 677 009 kilomètres carrés, ce qui la place au troisième rang des pays du monde. Sa population de plus de 1 350 millions d'habitants est la première au monde et représente plus du cinquième de la population mondiale.
La civilisation chinoise perdure depuis quatreà cinq mille ans et fut l'une des civilisations les plus avancées, en inventant par exemple la poudreà canon et les caractères mobiles d'imprimerie[2] dès le IXe siècle. Elle a fortement imprégné toute l'Asie de l'Est, notamment au niveaux religieux(confucianisme et tao_sme) et linguistique(les sinogrammes ontété utilisés dans toute la région
et de nombreux mots chinois sont présents dans les langues qui y sont parlées).
La civilisation chinoise, comme la civilisation indienne, est l'une des plus anciennes civilisations existant encore. Elle trouve son origine dans la vallée du Huang He et elle s'étendra vers le sud(conquête des territoires au sud du Yangzi Jiang dès la dynastie Han), vers l'ouest(premières incursions en Asie centrale sous les Han, extension temporaire jusqu'à la mer Caspienne sous les Tang, conquête du Xinjiang et du Tibet sous les Qing) et vers le nord(la
dynastie Qing, d'origine mandchoue apportaà la Chine la Mandchourie et la Mongolie) . Au cours de son histoire la Chine aétéà plusieurs reprises divisée puis réunifiée et elle aété par deux fois entièrement conquise par desétrangers(pa r les Mongols au XIIIe siècle et par les Mandchous au XVIIe siècle).
La dernière dynastie impériale, les Qing(la dynastie d'origine mandchoue qui régnait sur le pays depuis 1644), a connu une période de déclin durant la phase d’expansion coloniale des pays ccidentaux, menant le pays de défaite en défaiteà partir des guerres de l'opium. C’est seulement après la victoire contre l’armée japonaise en 1945 que la Chine a pu se constituer comme nation et retrouver toute son indépendance.
Politiquement, les deux _tats qui prétendent détenir aujourd'hui la souveraineté sur la Chine sont:
la République populaire de Chine(Chine continentale, Hong Kong et Macao), fondée par le leader communiste Mao Zedong en 1949à Pékin;
la République de Chine, dont le gouvernement longtemps mené par le leader nationaliste Tchang Ka_-chek estétabli sur l’_le de Ta_wan depuis la victoire des communistes chinoi s. Elle aété fondée en 1912à Nankin(qui reste toujours officiellement la capitale) par Sun Yat-sen sur les décombres de l’empire chinois de la dynastie Qing.
Aujourd’hui, le développementéconomique de la République populaire de Chine, engagé en 1978 par les réformes de Deng Xiaoping et ses successeurs, en fait aujourd’hui un des principaux acteurséconomiques et géopolitiques mondiaux.
2.Présentation
_ La Chine n’est pas _ un pays _ au sens nationalisteétroit du terme, la Chine est un concept d’universalité, une fa_on d’accomplir l’humanité, un intermédiaire entre l’homme et l’harmonie cosmique. _—(Simon Leys, Essais sur la Chine, p. 532)
Le pays est avant tout la très longue histoire d’un peuple, de sa très riche culture, de sa langue et de sonécriture si particulière, de sa pensée. La _ réalité chinoise _échappeà de nombreux observateurs occidentaux, aujourd’hui commeà l’époque de sa découverte par les premiers missionnaires. Dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, les nombreuses querelles idéologiques autour du mao_sme et de la Révolution culturelle n’ont pas contribuéàéclaircir les débats. Aujourd’hui la Chine e st dans une période d’ouverture et de développementéconomique accéléré. Même si de nombreux problèmes restentà résoudre, il semble que les réformes en cours aient permis au peuple chinois de déployer son industrie et que sa puissance soit désormais comparableà celle des g rands pays ccidentaux. Elle est aujourd’hui souvent qualifiée d’_ usine du monde _ et desétudes ont montré que le caddie d’un ménage fran_ais, dans sa partie non alimentaire, contenait pour moitié des produits fabriqués en Chine.
Géographiquement, la Chine a progressivement atteint depuis la dynastie fondatrice des Qin en 221 av. J.-C. les proportions d’un continent. Son histoire est rythmée par des mouvements d’unification suivis de désintégration, les longues périodes de stabilité correspondant aux grandes dynastiesétant entrecoupées et reliées par des périodes de division et de chaos. C’est cepe ndant la continuité de sa culture et sa relative unité politique qui font dire aujourd’hui que ce serait la plus vieille civilisation vivante du monde.
Une de ses caractéristiques fondatrices est probablement le culte de la choseécrite, qu’on peut faire remonter aux pratiques oraculaires de la scapulomancie et au Livre des Mutations, et qui irrigue toute l
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